# ----------------------------mod:EP4IR------------------------------# # MEERTENS/KOSTER Affix Grammar for Basic English # # original version 1962, updated 1991/1992 # # ADAPTED BY Carole Tiberius # # ADAPTED TO IR APPLICATIONS 2000 by C.H.A. KOSTER # # ADAPTED BY Tjark Verhoeven 2001, 2002 # # IMPROVED BY C.H.A. Koster for medline application# # Copyright University of Nijmegen. # # # # Version 2.3.3 # # # GRAMMAR npx. |segment mode| |invisible characters " :\t\n\r\'\`\"\(\)"| |word terminators " \t\n+:,;.!?/%\$\'\`\""| LEXICON adj, noun, adv, misc, verb, word, ohsumed, adjcoll, nouncoll, nounprep DEFINES WORD, ADJE(GRAD,PREP), ADJE_TO(GRAD), ADVB, NOUN(NUMB), NOUN(NUMB,PREP), DIMENSION, VERBI(TRAN), VERBS(TRAN), VERBV(TRAN), VERBG(TRAN), VERBP(TRAN), VERBI(PREP,TRAN), VERBS(PREP,TRAN), VERBV(PREP,TRAN), VERBG(PREP,TRAN), VERBP(PREP,TRAN), VERBI(PREP,TRAN, PART), VERBS(PREP,TRAN, PART), VERBV(PREP,TRAN, PART), VERBG(PREP,TRAN, PART), VERBP(PREP,TRAN, PART), PARTICLE(PART), AUXV(NUMB,PERS), ART(NUMB), DET(NUMB), PREDET(NUMB), PREPOS(PREP), POSSPRON, GENPRON, PERSPRON(NUMB, PERS, CASE), REFLPRON(NUMB,PERS), RELPRON(CASE), QPRON(CASE), CPRON, TOBE(NUMB, PERS), TOBE(TENS), TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), TOHAVE(TENS), TNOUN, QNOUN, NOUNT(TRAD, NUMB), NOUNC(NUMB), MONTH, PNAME, NUM(TYPE), CON(LEVEL). INCLUDES interface . ROOT segment. segment: $PENALTY(15), NP / "[", NP, "]" ; sentence, [Wperiod] / sentence ! WORD / "SKIP: ", WORD! $SKIP(".*") / "UNKN: ", $SKIP . sentence: statement, [Wperiod] / statement ; $PENALTY(20), question, [Wquest] / question ; $PENALTY(20), order, [Wexcl] / order . PRICE: $PENALTY(2) . #--------------------------mod:META SYNTAX-------------------------# NUMB::sing | plur . PERS::first | secnd | third . CASE::nom | gen | dat | acc . TRAN::link | cplx | intr | XTRAN . XTRAN::trav | ditr . PREP::none | other| XPREP . XPREP::without | again | to | from | at | of | on | by | into | for | in | with | after | among | across | against | around | about | through | over | towards | onto | under | along | between | as | before | like | behind . TENS::infi | prpl | papl . GRAD::pred | ATTR . ATTR::abso | comp | supl . TYPE::card | ord . LEVEL:: coo| sub| loc |quest. PART::none | XPART . XPART::about | abroad | across | ahead | along | apart | around | aside | away | back | behind | by | down | forth | forward | home | in | off | on | out | over | round | through | to | together | under | up . TRAD::TEXT . #----------------------------mod:ORDER------------------------------# order: # EX be a dear and move away # coordination [neg], VOC phrase(sing, secnd) / "{P:you", VOC phrase, "}" ; # EX give him tomorrow what he wants now! # EX do not believe everything you hear [neg], LEX_TOBE(infi), predicate / "{P:you,", predicate, "}" . # EX be prepared! neg: "do not" ; "don't" . #--------------------------mod:STATEMENT------------------------------# #--------------------------SENTENCE PATTERNS-------------------# # codes of components: # S subject # V verb clause # O object # C complement or indirect object # P predicate # nC no complement # nO no object # o reduced object(e.g. in relative clauses) # x copula or 'to be' form # x.v split verb clause, starting with copula or 'to be' form # v.v split verb clause, starting with auxiliary verb # p participle # # subcategorization is described by the verb's # which guides the expression of complements in OC phrase. # NONE INTR intransitive to sneeze # FOR INTR to go for something # NONE TRAV transitive to see it # TO TRAV to throw it to someone # TO DITR ditransitive to give someone it # to give it to someone = #-----------------------STATEMENT----------------------------# statement: simple statement, (coordinator(coo|loc|sub), statement; ). # EX the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. simple statement: SVOC phrase / "{", SVOC phrase, "}" ; passive phrase / "{", passive phrase, "}" . # EX this is the story of my life SVOC phrase: # --- subject first opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), VOC phrase(NUMB, PERS) / subject, VOC phrase, opt circumstances ; # EX this morning I met him in the garden # EX the vatican has spoken # EX IBM has been sponsoring a sequence of software engineering conferences # EX he is asking the president for clemency opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), xP phrase(NUMB, PERS) / subject, xP phrase, opt circumstances ; # EX unfortunately you're just too late to see him opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), some phrase(NUMB, PERS), coordinator(coo|sub), some phrase(NUMB, PERS) / subject, some phrase.1, opt circumstances, "}{", subject, some phrase.2, opt circumstances ; # EX I gave it to you and was pleased by the result # EX the apparatus includes a calculator and does not require a tachogenerator # EX Scrolling changes the display but does not move the insertion point opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), VOC phrase(NUMB, PERS), coordinator(sub), pOC phrase(prpl), $PENALTY / subject, VOC phrase, "}{", subject, ",", pOC phrase ; # EX I saw the boy while driving a horse # ---- topicalizations PP(XPREP), SVOnC phrase(XPREP) / SVOnC phrase, PP, "]" ; # EX to this weakness he gave in easily # EX on those trivialities he wasted his whole life opt circumstances, LEX_GENPRON, copula(NUMB,PERS), subject(NUMB,PERS) / subject, ",", LEX_GENPRON ; # EX mine is the vengeance # EX his was the best result $PENALTY(4), predicate, copula(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS) / subject, ",", predicate . # EX large was my surprise when he did turn up some phrase(NUMB, PERS): xP phrase(NUMB, PERS); VOC phrase(NUMB, PERS). passive phrase: opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), copula(NUMB, PERS), participle(XTRAN, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP), agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", subject, pref PP, opt circumstances.1, opt circumstances.2, "]" ; # EX you will be thrown to the wolves by me personally # EX his pride was hurt # EX it was given to me by my father's hand opt circumstances, subject(NUMB1, PERS1), copula(NUMB1, PERS1), participle(XTRAN, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP), agent, [Wcomma], opt circumstances, coordinator(coo|sub), subject(NUMB, PERS), [copula(NUMB, PERS)], participle(XTRAN, none, PREP1, papl), pref PP(PREP1), agent, opt circumstances / agent.1, ",[", participle.1, ",", subject.1, pref PP.1, opt circumstances.1, opt circumstances.2, "]}{", agent.2, ",[", participle.2, ",", subject.2, pref PP.2, opt circumstances.3, "]" ; # EX the laminate is cooled and the copper foil peeled away # --- preposed object in ditransitive phrase opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), copula(NUMB, PERS), participle(ditr, none, to, papl), indirect object(to), agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", subject, indirect object, opt circumstances.1, opt circumstances.2, "]" ; # EX it has been owed me by you # --- preposed indirect object opt circumstances, subject(NUMB, PERS), to be(NUMB, PERS), participle(ditr, none, to, papl), object, agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", object, "|to ", subject, opt circumstances.1, opt circumstances.2, "]" ; # EX he was given a present by his parents opt circumstances, indirect object(to), to be(NUMB, PERS), participle(ditr, none, PREP, papl), object, agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", object, indirect object, opt circumstances.1, opt circumstances.2, "]" ; # EX you have been given by your superiors plenty of black marks opt circumstances, indirect object(to), to be(NUMB, PERS), participle(ditr, none, to, papl), agent, object, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", object, indirect object, opt circumstances.1, opt circumstances.2, "]" ; # EX him have been given plenty of black marks by his superiors # --- ditr passive PP(XPREP), to be(NUMB, PERS), participle(ditr, none, XPREP, papl), agent, subject(NUMB, PERS), opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", subject, PP, opt circumstances, "]" ; # EX to you has been given by him an enormous task PP(XPREP), to be(NUMB, PERS), participle(ditr, none, XPREP, papl), subject(NUMB, PERS), agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", subject, PP, opt circumstances, "]" . # EX to you has been given an enormous task by him #------------------------mod:RELATIVE CLAUSE-----------------------# # The relative clause follows the SVOC pattern, apart from the # fact that either the complement C or the object O is to be found # to the left of the phrase. Hence SVOnC and SVCnO. SVOnC phrase(PREP): subject(NUMB, PERS), verb group(TRAN, PART, PREP, NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, OnC phrase(TRAN, PART) / subject, ",[", verb group, ",", opt adverbs, OnC phrase . # EX it will be you to whom I return the book # EX it will be you to whom I give it back OnC phrase(intr,PART): particle(PART), opt circumstances . OnC phrase(XTRAN,PART): pref object, particle(PART), opt circumstances . SVCnO phrase: subject(NUMB, PERS), verb group(XTRAN, none, PREP, NUMB, PERS), pref PP(PREP), opt circumstances / subject, ",[", verb group, ",", pref PP, opt circumstances, "|" . # EX that's the book which I returned to you yesterday # EX that's what it is rel clause(NUMB,PERS,nom): # preposed subject [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(nom), xP phrase(NUMB, PERS) / xP phrase ; # EX I will kill you who are my brother pref relpron(nom), subject(NUMB2, PERS2), copula(NUMB2, PERS2) / ",", subject ; # EX he was the child which he was # EX you're not half the man you used to be [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(nom), VOC phrase(NUMB, PERS) / VOC phrase ; # EX I hate the man who is looking at me # EX I will forgive those who have trespassed against me LEX_CPRON, statement / statement ; # EX this happened at the time that I learned to drive a car # EX he heard the story that she was ill $PENALTY(6), simple statement . # EX this happened during the period she was in hospital ### alleen woorden als period, time dus --> time NP extended rel clause(NUMB,gen): # -- as subject noun kernel(NUMB), [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(gen), noun group(NUMB2, PERS,nom), VOC phrase(NUMB2, PERS) / noun kernel, "{[", noun group, ", ", noun kernel, "]", VOC phrase, "}" ; # EX this is the man whose friend opened a restaurant # EX the owner whose cat died of hunger cried with remorse noun kernel(NUMB), [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(gen), noun group(NUMB2, PERS,nom), xP phrase(NUMB2, PERS) / noun kernel, ",{[", noun group, ", ", noun kernel, "]", xP phrase, "]}" ; # EX this is a man whose heart is open noun kernel(NUMB), [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(gen), noun group(NUMB2,PERS,nom), subject(NUMB2, PERS2), copula(NUMB2, PERS2), opt circumstances / noun kernel, "{", subject, ",[", noun group, ", ", noun kernel, "]", opt circumstances, "}" ; # EX this is the man whose book it was yesterday # EX you know the man whose brother I am # -- as subject passive noun kernel(NUMB), [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(gen), noun group(NUMB2, PERS,nom), copula(NUMB2, PERS), participle(XTRAN, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP), agent, opt circumstances / noun kernel, "{", agent, ",[", participle, ",[", noun group, ",", noun kernel, "]", pref PP, opt circumstances, "]}" ; # EX the man whose car was devastated by an earthquake was shocked # EX the man whose shoes were polished left # EX this is the man whose book was found by me # -- as object noun kernel(NUMB), [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(gen), object, SVCnO phrase / noun kernel, "{", SVCnO phrase, "[", object , ",", noun kernel, "]]}" . # EX this is the man whose book I return to you rel clause(dat): preposition(PREP), LEX_RELPRON(dat), SVOnC phrase(PREP) / SVOnC phrase, "|", preposition ; # EX this is the man for whom I am paying # EX this is the house in which I live pref relpron(dat), SVOnC phrase(PREP), preposition(PREP) / SVOnC phrase, "|", preposition . # EX this is the person I am paying for # EX this is the plan that I agreed to # EX this was the book I asked for rel clause(acc): pref relpron(acc), SVCnO phrase / SVCnO phrase . # EX this is the man that I saw # EX the movie star was seen with the man she loved pref relpron(CASE): [Wcomma], LEX_RELPRON(CASE); $PENALTY(6). # ---------------------------mod:QUESTION---------------------------# # in questions, either a single verbform of the verbal part precedes # the subject, allowing the patterns xSpOC and vSvOC # or a subject, object or complement is topicalized(without determiner) # with the patterns VOC, vSvCnO and vSvOnC . question: [coordinator(quest)], vSvOC phrase / "{", vSvOC phrase, "}" ; # EX could you forgive me the errors of my ways? # EX when will you forgive me? # EX has IBM sponsored this conference [coordinator(quest)], xSpOC phrase / "{", xSpOC phrase, "}" ; # EX am I going home in the morning? # EX why are you not more concerned about the consequences of your deeds? [coordinator(quest)], pred adjective, LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS) / "{", subject, ",", pred adjective, "}" ; # EX how green is my valley? # EX how open to negotiation is your offer? # ----- LEX_QPRON(nom), opt subject(NUMB), xP phrase(NUMB, PERS) / "{", opt subject, xP phrase, "}" ; # EX who are you # EX who is that tall dark stranger in my bedroom? # EX which country was the site of your birth? # EX which end is up? # EX which son are you? LEX_QPRON(nom), LEX_PREPOS(XPREP), NP(dat), xP phrase(NUMB, PERS) / "{", NP, xP phrase, "}" ; # EX which of you is the guilty one? LEX_QPRON(nom), opt subject(NUMB), VOC phrase(NUMB, PERS) / "{", opt subject, VOC phrase, "}" ; # EX who killed Cock Robbin? # EX what unfortunate stranger has fallen into your clutches? # EX which bastard has stolen my car? # ----- LEX_QPRON(gen), opt subject(NUMB), xP phrase(NUMB, PERS), [preposition(PREP)] / "{", [], opt subject, xP phrase, "}" ; # EX whose idea was this? # EX whose house are you in? # EX whose children are you? LEX_QPRON(gen), opt subject(NUMB), VOC phrase(NUMB, PERS) / "{", opt subject, VOC phrase, "}" ; # EX whose cat has eaten all the mice? LEX_QPRON(gen), pref object, vSv part(TRAN, none, PREP), CnO phrase(PREP) / "{", vSv part, pref object, CnO phrase, "]}" ; # EX whose cat have you held over a barrel? # ----- LEX_QPRON(dat), opt complement, to be(NUMB, PERS), predicate, preposition(PREP) / "{", predicate, ",", preposition, opt complement, "}" ; # EX what city are we in? # EX what is it for? LEX_QPRON(dat), opt complement, vSv part(TRAN, PART, PREP), OnC phrase(TRAN, PART), preposition(PREP) / "{", vSv part, OnC phrase, "|", preposition, opt complement, "]}" ; # EX what do you believe in # EX what were they looking for # EX whom do you give it back to preposition(PREP), LEX_QPRON(dat), opt complement, vSv part(TRAN, PART, PREP), OnC phrase(TRAN, PART) / "{", vSv part, OnC phrase, "|", preposition, opt complement, "]}" ; # EX in what state did he arrive # EX to which side have you given your vote? # EX to whom did you give it back? $PENALTY(2), LEX_QPRON(dat), opt complement, vSv part(ditr, none, PREP), OnC phrase(ditr, none) / "{", vSv part, OnC phrase, "|to ", opt complement, "]}" ; # EX which side have you given your vote? # ----- LEX_QPRON(acc), pref object, vSv part(trav, none, PREP), CnO phrase(PREP) / "{", vSv part, pref object, CnO phrase, "]}" ; # EX which cat have you held over a barrel in the garden # EX what have we learned today? LEX_QPRON(acc), pref object, vSv part(ditr, none, PREP), indirect object(PREP), opt circumstances / "{", vSv part, pref object, indirect object, opt circumstances, "]}" ; # EX what do I give to you? # EX what do I give you LEX_QPRON(acc), pref object, to be(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), participle(trav, none, PREP, prpl), CnO phrase(PREP) / "{", subject, ",[", participle, ",", pref object, CnO phrase, "]}" . # EX which egg are you eating for breakfast # EX what are you giving her for christmas? # EX whom do you want to eat for breakfast? OPTION opt subject(NUMB): subject(NUMB, PERS) ; $PENALTY / "P:it" . OPTION opt complement: noun part(NUMB, PERS, dat) ; $PENALTY / "P:it" . xSpOC phrase: # active $PENALTY(2), LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), predicate / subject, ",", predicate ; # EX am I stupid $PENALTY(2), LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs / subject, opt adverbs ; # EX am I $PENALTY(2), LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(papl), predicate / subject, ",", predicate, opt adverbs ; # EX have I been stupid again LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, pOC phrase(prpl) / subject, pOC phrase ; # EX am I returning the lost book to its rightful owner # EX am I giving it back to you LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(papl), pOC phrase(prpl) / subject, pOC phrase ; # EX has IBM been sponsoring this conference # passive LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, participle(XTRAN, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP), agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", subject, pref PP, opt circumstances, opt adverbs, "]" ; # EX is this sacrifice demanded from him # EX is this conference sponsored by IBM LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(papl), participle(XTRAN, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP), agent, opt circumstances / agent, ",[", participle, ",", subject, pref PP, opt circumstances, opt adverbs, "]" . # EX has this conference been sponsored by IBM # EX this conference is sponsored by IBM # EX this conference is sponsored, by the way. # EX the capital of Honduras was basking in the sun # EX he has given us so much # EX the end of the world was regularly prophesied to us # EX the solution to his problems was given to him vSvOC phrase: vSv part(TRAN, PART, PREP), OC phrase(TRAN, PART, PREP) / vSv part, OC phrase, "]" . # EX can I live with myself # EX what do I give to you vSv part(TRAN,PART,PREP): LEX_AUXV(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), infinitive(TRAN,PART,PREP) / subject, ",[", infinitive, "," ; # EX what do I owe LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), subject(NUMB, PERS), participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, papl) / subject, ",[", participle, "," . # EX what am I preparing # EX what have I done CnO phrase(PREP): pref PP(PREP), opt circumstances . #--------------------------mod:NOUN PHRASE-------------------------# # NP # |--------- quoted phrase # |--------- verbal noun phrase # noun phrase---- coordinator, noun phrase # adverb----| # determiner--| # noun part # |--------pOC phrase # |--------rel clause # |--------refl pron # noun group # adjectives--|--------postmodifier # participle--| # noun kernel OR pers pron # NOUN----| # noun NP,NP(CASE),NP(NUMB,PERS,CASE): quoted phrase(NUMB, PERS, CASE) ; $PENALTY(2), verbal noun phrase(NUMB,PERS,CASE) ; noun phrase(NUMB, PERS, CASE) . quoted phrase(sing,third,nom|dat|acc): Wquoteopen, statement, [Wcomma], Wquoteclose / statement ; Wquoteopen, NP, [Wcomma], Wquoteclose / NP . noun phrase(NUMB,PERS,CASE): noun part(NUMB, PERS, CASE) ; $PENALTY(2), adverb, noun phrase(NUMB, PERS, CASE) / noun phrase ; # EX only you and the dog can make me happy noun part(sing, PERS2, CASE2), Waccent s, noun part(NUMB, PERS, CASE) / "[", noun part.2, ",of ", noun part, "]" . # EX all he does is following nature's call noun phrase(plur,PERS,CASE): noun part(NUMB, PERS, CASE), coordinator(coo), NP(NUMB1, PERS1, CASE) / "[", noun part, "|", NP, "]" . # EX The good, the bad and the ugly gave a new twist to the genre # EX the ant and the grasshopper lived happily ever after # EX neither man nor beast can know the will of God pref determiner(NUMB): LEX_DET(NUMB1), [Wof], [article(NUMB)]; # EX most gnus are good gnus article(NUMB), [quantity]; article(NUMB1), LEX_QNOUN, Wof, [article(NUMB)]; # EX a number of the visitors were killed quantity, [Wof]; # EX 1 kilo of pure gold is worth a fortune # EX I saw twelve of them in the garden quantity, [Wof, article(NUMB)]; # EX four of the world's best detectives could not find it # EX forty robbers were sitting at the campfire LEX_POSSPRON ; # EX my home is my castle PRICE # prefer a determiner . noun part(NUMB,PERS,CASE): pref determiner(NUMB), noun group(NUMB,PERS,CASE), [LEX_REFLPRON(NUMB,PERS)] / noun group ; # EX the pupil himself made not a single error pref determiner (NUMB), noun group(NUMB, PERS, CASE), [Wto, LEX_TOBE(infi)], participle(trav, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP), agent / noun group, "{", agent, ",[", participle, ",", noun group, pref PP, "]}" ; # EX we discovered a paradise forgotten by time # EX the material to be separated is charged into a container pref determiner (NUMB), noun group(NUMB, PERS, CASE), rel clause(NUMB, PERS, nom) / "[", noun group, rel clause, "]" ; pref determiner (NUMB), extended rel clause(NUMB, gen) / extended rel clause ; pref determiner (NUMB), noun group(NUMB, PERS, CASE), rel clause(dat|acc) / noun group, "{", rel clause, noun group, "]}" . noun group(NUMB,PERS,CASE): adjectives, noun group(NUMB,PERS,CASE) / "[", noun group, ",", adjectives, "]" ; # EX it is better to let sleeping dogs lie LEX_ADJE(comp,none), noun group(NUMB,PERS,CASE), Wthan, predicate / "[", noun group, ",", LEX_ADJE, "|", predicate, "]" ; # EX it required a larger torque than attainable in practice # EX it required a larger torque than that attainable in practice participle(trav, none, none, papl), noun group(NUMB,PERS,CASE) ###intr? / "[", noun group, ",A:", participle, "]" ,"{", participle, ",", noun group, "}" ; # EX that is merely acquired behaviour LEX_PERSPRON(NUMB, PERS, CASE) . noun group(NUMB,third,CASE): noun kernel(NUMB), [numeral] / noun kernel ; # EX this force causes spindle 1 to move over axis 2 noun kernel(NUMB), postmodifiers / "[", noun kernel, ",", postmodifiers, "]" . # EX she grew up in a little house in the dark wood noun kernel(NUMB): noun(NUMB) ; noun(NUMB,XPREP), PP(XPREP) / "[", noun , ",", PP, "]" ; # EX democracy requires freedom from hunger $PENALTY, noun(sing), noun kernel(NUMB) / "[", noun kernel, ",", noun, "]" . # EX air pollution is pollution of the air # EX most of the trade was in Class A shares noun(NUMB,PREP): LEX_NOUN(NUMB,PREP). noun(NUMB): LEX_NOUN(NUMB)! PRICE, PRICE, quantity / "N:", quantity ; # EX the concentration was assayed at 300 mumol / l PRICE, PRICE, PRICE, attr adjective / "N:", attr adjective . # EX the bold and the beautiful can do as they like postmodifiers: postmodifier; postmodifier, postmodifiers / postmodifier, "|", postmodifiers . postmodifier: LEX_ADJE(pred,none) / LEX_ADJE ; #EX mankind lives not by bread alone LEX_PREPOS(of), NP(dat) / NP ; # EX I expect some pollution of the water by effluents PRICE, PP(PREP) ; # EX I've always wanted to meet the man on the moon # EX he was hurt in a fall off the cliff # EX iron supplementation during pregnancy is important purpose ; # EX he used soap to clean the diskette parenthesis ; # EX Dennis, the well-known menace, is a cartoon strip figure $PENALTY(2), [Wcomma], pred adjective / pred adjective . # EX he gave signals based on the morse code consisting of dots and stripes parenthesis: Wcomma, predicate, Wcomma / "[", predicate, "]" ; # EX Rhone Poulenc, the French chemical enterprise, was the coordinator. # EX sand, mixed with wet clay, is an excellent building material. opener, predicate, closer / "{ ", predicate, "}" . # EX the whole family (man, wife and children) was killed opener: "(-" ; "(" ; "-(". closer: "-)" ; ")" ; ")-". #-------------------mod:verbalNP--------------------------------------# verbal noun phrase(sing,third,CASE): opt adverbs, Wto, inf phrase / inf phrase ; # EX to know you is to love you opt adverbs, Wto, copula (infi), predicate / "[V:be,", predicate, "]" ; # EX just to be here is bliss LEX_RELPRON(nom), subject(NUMB,PERS), copula(NUMB,PERS) / "[P:it,", subject, "]" ; # EX what it is is clear LEX_RELPRON(nom), VOC phrase(NUMB,PERS) / "[P:it", VOC phrase, "]" ; # EX what causes the problem is clear LEX_RELPRON(acc), SVCnO phrase / "P:it {", SVCnO phrase, "P:it]}" ; # EX what you give to others is given to you LEX_RELPRON(dat), SVOnC phrase(PREP), LEX_PREPOS(PREP) / "P:it {", SVOnC phrase, PREP, " P:it]}" # EX what you believe in is wonderful ; LEX_CPRON, object, SVCnO phrase / "[!", SVCnO phrase, object, "]!" ; # EX he declined to say how much he offered for the shares LEX_CPRON, statement / "P:it", statement # EX how you arrived here is irrelevant to us # EX I am not so sure that you are the winner . verbal noun phrase(sing,third,CASE): opt adverbs, pOC phrase(prpl) / pOC phrase . # EX not reading the manual is stupid # EX I am accustomed to reading everything #-------------------mod:PP--------------------------------------# PP(other): $PENALTY(3), opt adverbs, "|", LEX_PREPOS(other), NP(dat) #/ LEX_PREPOS, NP . PP(XPREP): $PENALTY(3), opt adverbs, LEX_PREPOS(other), NP(dat), PP(XPREP) / LEX_PREPOS, NP, "|", PP ; # extra penalty so that the `between' and `from' constructions below # have some advantage $PENALTY, opt adverbs, LEX_PREPOS(XPREP), NP(dat) / opt adverbs, "|", LEX_PREPOS, NP ; $PENALTY, opt adverbs, LEX_PREPOS(XPREP), NP(dat), coordinator(coo), PP(XPREP) / opt adverbs, "|", LEX_PREPOS, NP, "|", PP . PP(between): opt adverbs, LEX_PREPOS(between), NP(NUMB, PERS, dat), Wand, NP(NUMB, PERS, dat) / opt adverbs, "|", LEX_PREPOS,"[", NP,"|",NP.2,"]" . # EX he is caught between the devil and the deep blue sea . PP(from): opt adverbs, LEX_PREPOS(from), NP(NUMB, PERS, dat), LEX_PREPOS(to), NP(NUMB, PERS, dat) / opt adverbs, "|", LEX_PREPOS.1, NP.1, "|", LEX_PREPOS.2, NP.2 . # EX the situation is going from bad to worse . pref PP(none): ##no penalty! . pref PP(XPREP): PP(XPREP) ##no penalty! . #-------------------mod:COMPLEMENTS-----------------------------# subject(NUMB,PERS): coordinator(sub), predicate, [Wcomma], NP(NUMB, PERS, nom) / "[", NP, ",", predicate, "]" ; # EX although hurt, he escaped with his life NP(NUMB, PERS, nom) / NP . subject(sing,third): $PENALTY(3), "there" / "P:it" ; $PENALTY(5), NP(plur, third, nom) . pref object: object ; $PENALTY(3) . object: NP(NUMB, PERS, acc) ; # EX he should blame himself for this NP(NUMB, PERS, acc), Wto, infinitive(trav, none, PREP), C phrase(PREP) / NP, "{", infinitive, ",", NP, C phrase, "}" ; # EX he has nothing to do with this # EX he has only himself to thank for this NP(NUMB, PERS, acc), Wto, inf phrase / "[", NP, ",", inf phrase, "]" ; # EX this remark caused his grey cells to do overwork NP(NUMB, PERS, acc), Wto, infinitive(TRAN, PART, PREP), OC phrase(TRAN, PART, none), preposition(PREP), opt circumstances / NP, "]|[", infinitive, ",", OC phrase, "|", preposition, NP ; # EX he has nothing to live for # EX he has no spoon to eat his soup with PRICE, NP(NUMB, PERS, acc), resultative part / "[", NP, ",", resultative part, "]" . # EX it made his nose turn red resultative part: $PENALTY(2), inf phrase . # EX it made his nose turn red # EX I let him back away # EX I let him back away the car indirect object(to): LEX_PERSPRON(NUMB, PERS, dat) / "|to ", LEX_PERSPRON ; $PENALTY(2), NP(dat) / "|to ", NP . agent: "by", NP(NUMB, PERS, dat) / NP ; $PENALTY(1) / "P:it" . predicate: pred adjective, opt circumstances ; # EX most of your friends appear to be very stupid NP(NUMB, PERS, nom|acc) ; # EX I am your friend , I kill you for nothing LEX_GENPRON ; # EX is this overcoat yours? PRICE, circumstance . # EX she was always in the kitchen # EX the children of darkness are usually getting all the fun #--------------------------mod:VERB PHRASE-------------------------# VOC phrase(NUMB,PERS): verb group(TRAN, PART, PREP, NUMB, PERS), OC phrase(TRAN, PART, PREP) / ",[", verb group, ",", OC phrase, "]" . # EX you meet your maker # EX do you like sandwiches for breakfast # EX he brought this out in the conversation xP phrase(NUMB,PERS): $PENALTY, copula(NUMB, PERS), predicate / ",", predicate . # EX she became red in the face # EX he had been on a pelgrimage to Santiago pOC phrase(prpl): participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, prpl), OC phrase(TRAN, PART, PREP) / "[", participle, ",", OC phrase, "]" . pOC phrase(papl): participle(trav, PART, PREP, papl), OC phrase(TRAN, PART, PREP), agent / agent, ",[", participle, ",", OC phrase . #-------------------------------------------------------- OPTION OC phrase(TRAN, PART, PREP) . OC phrase(intr,none,PREP): C phrase(PREP) . OC phrase(intr,XPART,PREP): particle(XPART), C phrase(PREP) . # EX he went back to his house by the shortest route C phrase(XPREP): PP(XPREP), opt circumstances ; # EX he conceded with grace to my demands PP(XPREP), opt circumstances . # EX she agreed to his wishes with pleasure C phrase(none): opt circumstances . # EX it worked in all respects # EX she agreed instantly OC phrase(trav,PART,PREP): object, particle(PART), C phrase(PREP) / object, C phrase # EX I promise to give the bottle back to you as soon as possible # EX I promise to return the bottle to you as soon as possible ; particle(PART), C phrase(PREP) / C phrase . # EX I promise to return to you as soon as possible OC phrase(ditr,none,PREP): indirect object(PREP), opt adverbs, object, opt circumstances / object, indirect object, opt adverbs, opt circumstances ; # EX I owe to you all I have in my life # EX I owe you all I have in my life object, opt adverbs, PP(PREP), opt circumstances / object, PP, opt adverbs, opt circumstances . # EX he owes his success to remorseless hard work OC phrase(cplx,none,none): object, predicate, opt circumstances / "[", object, ",", predicate, "]" . # EX this made his nose their target # EX we called him Joe # EX it turned his nose red inf phrase: infinitive(TRAN, PART, PREP), OC phrase(TRAN, PART,PREP) / "[", infinitive, ",", OC phrase, "]" . #------------------------------VERB PART-----------------------# verb group(TRAN,PART,PREP,NUMB,PERS): verb form(TRAN, PART, PREP, NUMB, PERS) ; # EX father knows best # EX its surface felt rough to the touch [Wcomma], adverb, [Wcomma], verb group(TRAN, PART, PREP, NUMB, PERS) / verb group ; # EX he sometimes sees hallucinations # EX he always knows copula(NUMB, PERS), Wto, infinitive(TRAN, PART, PREP) / infinitive ; # EX he seems to know # EX he is to be spared LEX_AUXV(NUMB, PERS), infinitive(TRAN, PART, PREP) / infinitive ; # EX he may not know to have(NUMB, PERS), participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, papl) / participle ; # EX he has known LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, prpl) / participle, opt adverbs ; # EX he is going to have(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(papl), participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, prpl) / participle, opt adverbs . # EX he has been going #--------------------------mod:ADJECTIVE PHRASE--------------------# adjectives: [LEX_DET(NUMB)], attr adjective, [coordinator(coo)], adjectives / attr adjective, "|", adjectives ; # EX the well-known wellknown man is well known # EX his hide was red, green and blue attr adjective. attr adjective: adverb, attr adjective / "[", attr adjective, ",", adverb, "]" ; # EX the teeth of my dog are always sharper LEX_ADJE(ATTR,none) ; # EX do not attempt to break the seventh seal # EX that was my never-do-well nephew $PENALTY, LEX_NOUN(NUMB), LEX_ADJE(abso, to) / "[", LEX_ADJE, ",|to ", LEX_NOUN, "]" ; # EX its fully abrasion resistant skin was visible PRICE, participle(intr, none, none, prpl|papl) / "A:", participle ; PRICE, participle(trav, none, none, prpl) / "A:", participle . pred adjective: adjectives ; # EX it was already too late adverb, pred adjective / "[", pred adjective, ",", adverb, "]" ; # EX I am always open to negotiation LEX_ADJE(GRAD, XPREP), PP(XPREP) / "[", LEX_ADJE, ",", PP, "]" ; # EX his writings are reminiscent of James Joyce # EX he ran so fast that he caught up with his own tail LEX_ADJE(abso,none), Wto, inf phrase / LEX_ADJE, "|", inf phrase ; # EX it was too late to flee from the seething flames Wmore, LEX_ADJE(abso,none), Wthan, NP(CASE) / LEX_ADJE, "{", NP, ", ", LEX_ADJE, "}" ; # EX your friendship is more enduring than the love of a woman LEX_ADJE(comp,none), Wthan, NP(CASE) / LEX_ADJE, "{", NP, ", ", LEX_ADJE, "}" ; # EX his smile was somewhat larger than life LEX_ADJE(comp,none), Wthan, SVOnC phrase(none) / LEX_ADJE, "{", SVOnC phrase, "]}" ; # EX I can jump higher than Jack can throw a stone LEX_ADJE(supl,none), PP(of) / "[", LEX_ADJE, ", ", PP, "]" ; # EX he was the worst of the lot LEX_ADJE_TO(ATTR), Wto, inf phrase / LEX_ADJE_TO, "|", inf phrase ; # EX he was quick to understand the details LEX_ADJE(abso,none), PP(as) / "[", LEX_ADJE, ",", PP, "]" ; # EX he shall be washed as white as snow PRICE, participle(trav, none, PREP, papl), pref PP(PREP) / participle, pref PP ; # EX my daughter was all dressed up for the dance $PENALTY, pOC phrase(prpl) # EX I see a lion flying through the air . #-------------------------mod:SMALLFRY------------------------------# OPTION opt circumstances: $PENALTY, [Wcomma], circumstance, [Wcomma], opt circumstances / circumstance, opt circumstances ; . circumstance: coordinator(sub|loc), statement ; # EX although the flesh is willing, the spirit is weak . # EX whenever I see you my heart jumps up time phrase / "|X:", time phrase ; # EX I saw him next morning [Wcomma], adverb, [Wcomma] / "|", adverb ! PRICE, PP(PREP) ; purpose . # EX we serve to protect #-------------------------QUANTITY-----------------------------# quantity: ##should be LEX_NUM! LEX_NUM(card), opt unitshift, [Wof] / LEX_NUM, opt unitshift . # EX the concentration was assayed at 300 mumol / l acetaldehyde opt unitshift: unitshift; . unitshift: "/", noun kernel(sing) / "|per ", noun kernel ; "per", noun kernel(sing) / "|per ", noun kernel . # EX The standard dose is 12 mg Aspirine per kilogram #-------------------------TIME---------------------------------# time phrase: time, [time phrase] . time: Wfrom, date, Wto, date ; Wbetween, date, Wand, date ; date ; time NP . time NP: [LEX_DET(NUMB)], LEX_TNOUN ; [LEX_DET(NUMB)], $SKIP("[0-9]s") ; [LEX_DET(NUMB)], LEX_MONTH ; [LEX_DET(NUMB)], LEX_ADJE(GRAD,none), time NP . # it happened last friday date: ["the"], LEX_NUM(ord), [Wof], date ; ["the"], LEX_NUM(ord), "instant" ; LEX_MONTH, dnumber, ([Wcomma], year ; ) ; [LEX_NUM(card)], LEX_MONTH, ([Wcomma], year ; ) ; year, [Wcomma, LEX_MONTH, dnumber] . dnumber: $SKIP("[0-9]") ; $SKIP("1[0-9]") ; $SKIP("2[0-9]") ; $SKIP("3[0-1]") . year: $SKIP("1[0-9][0-9][0-9]") ; $SKIP("20[0-9][0-9]") ; $SKIP("'[0-9][0-9]") . #-------------------------MISC---------------------------------# purpose: ["in order"], Wto, LEX_TOBE(infi), predicate / "|", predicate ; # EX this is too good to be true ["in order"], Wto, inf phrase / "|", inf phrase . # EX to see it you must climb on the roof # EX I climbed on the roof in order to see better # EX it takes a thief to catch a thief #--------------------------MORPHOLOGY--------------------------# # or, rather, interface to the lexicon # OPTION opt adverbs: [Wcomma], adverb, [Wcomma], opt adverbs / "|", adverb, opt adverbs ; . adverb: LEX_ADVB ; Wmore, LEX_ADVB, Wthan, NP(CASE) / LEX_ADVB, "{", NP, ", ", LEX_ADVB, "}" ; $PENALTY, LEX_ADVB, coordinator(coo), adverb / LEX_ADVB, "|", adverb . preposition(XPREP): LEX_PREPOS(XPREP) . article(NUMB): LEX_ART(NUMB) . particle(none): . particle(XPART): LEX_PARTICLE(XPART) / . RULE verb form(TRAN, PART, PREP, NUMB, PERS) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,sing,first): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,NUMB,secnd): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,sing,third): LEX_VERBS(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBS(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,plur,first | third): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,NUMB,PERS): LEX_VERBV(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBV(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,infi): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,prpl): LEX_VERBG(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBG(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,none,PREP,papl): LEX_VERBP(PREP, TRAN, XPART), particle(XPART) ; $PENALTY, LEX_VERBP(PREP, TRAN) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,sing,first): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,NUMB,secnd): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,sing,third): LEX_VERBS(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . # first | third verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,plur,first | third): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,NUMB,PERS): LEX_VERBV(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,infi): LEX_VERBI(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,prpl): LEX_VERBG(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . verb form(TRAN,XPART,PREP,papl): LEX_VERBP(PREP, TRAN, XPART) . copula(NUMB, PERS): to be(NUMB, PERS), [LEX_PREDET(NUMB)] ; # EX their characters were all different other copula(NUMB, PERS), [Wto, LEX_TOBE(infi)], [LEX_PREDET(NUMB)] / "V:", other copula ; # EX that seems to be correct verb form(TRAN,none,none,NUMB,PERS), Wto, LEX_TOBE(infi), [LEX_PREDET(NUMB)] . # EX it was said to be correct other copula(NUMB,PERS): LEX_VERBV(none,link) ; LEX_AUXV(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_VERBI(none,link) ; LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_VERBP(none,link) ; LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_VERBG(none,link) ; LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(papl), LEX_VERBP(none,link) . other copula(sing,first): LEX_VERBI(none,link) . other copula(NUMB,secnd): LEX_VERBI(none,link) . other copula(sing,third): LEX_VERBS(none,link) . other copula(plur,first | third): LEX_VERBI(none,link) . copula(infi): LEX_VERBI(none,link) . infinitive(TRAN,PART,PREP): [Wcomma], adverb, [Wcomma], infinitive(TRAN, PART, PREP) / infinitive ; verb form(TRAN, PART, PREP, infi) ; copula(infi), Wto, infinitive(TRAN, PART, PREP) / infinitive ; LEX_TOBE(infi), participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, prpl) / participle ; LEX_TOHAVE(infi), participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, papl) / participle ; LEX_TOHAVE(infi), LEX_TOBE(papl), participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, prpl) / participle . participle(TRAN,PART,PREP,TENS): [Wcomma], adverb, [Wcomma], participle(TRAN, PART, PREP, TENS) / participle ; verb form(TRAN, PART, PREP, TENS) . participle(TRAN,PART,PREP,prpl): LEX_TOHAVE(prpl), verb form(TRAN, PART, PREP, papl) / verb form . # EX once having achieved his goal he returned to mediocrity to be(NUMB,PERS): opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS) / ; # EX I often am stupid to have(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(papl) / ; # EX he has always been prudent LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, LEX_TOBE(prpl) / ; # EX he is being prudent other copula(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, Wto, LEX_TOBE(infi) / ; # EX you seem to be prudent LEX_AUXV(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, [copula(infi), Wto], LEX_TOBE(infi) / ; # EX you did not like to be prudent LEX_AUXV(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, [copula(infi), Wto], LEX_TOHAVE(infi), LEX_TOBE(papl) / ; # EX he does not appear to have been prudent enough LEX_TOBE(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, Wto, LEX_TOBE(infi) / . to have(NUMB,PERS): LEX_TOHAVE(NUMB, PERS) / ; other copula(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, Wto, LEX_TOHAVE(infi) / ; # EX I seem to have been optimistic LEX_AUXV(NUMB, PERS), opt adverbs, [copula(infi), Wto], LEX_TOHAVE(infi) / . coordinator(LEVEL): [Wcomma], LEX_CON(LEVEL), [Wcomma] ,(PRICE, adverb, [Wcomma]; ) / . # MISC EXAMPLES # EX what were you trying to achieve # EX I talk the talk and I walk the walk # EX the winter storms were worst # EX the bread to be sliced smelled great # EX he was living in comfort, while they were dying of misery # EX the doctor came in, stinking of gin, and proceeded to lie on the table # EX analytical, simulation and statistical tools are employed # EX just take care of the pence and the pounds take care of themselves # EX it loomed large in his mind> # EX it is this man whose book I return to you # EX it is this man whose book it was yesterday # EX the president was fruitlessly asked for clemency # EX it is clear what was wrong